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So you think you're infected? First, calm down. Put the lid back on and step away from the fermenter. We need to assess whether you really have an infection or not. Then you can go about doing something with the beer.
Whether you're a first time brewer, or a seasoned veteran infections are bound to happen eventually. This thread is designed to help you figure out what's going on in that bucket (or carboy, whatever).
Every infection (yes, every one!) is caused by something you missed in your sanitation. It's usually something you didn't even think of, but you missed something somewhere. The first thing to do is figure out what's going on with your beer, then you can go back and diagnose where it happened and how to prevent it in the future.
In the next few posts, I'll break it down into a three groups of nasties. These are the three bugs that cause almost all infections, no matter how much you'd hoped to come across some wild belgian yeast that will make incredible beer. That's not going to happen.
Even after you've figured out what you have, you'll need to decide what to do about it. We'll talk a little about that after the next three posts. Some beer can be saved, and some will have to be flushed away like the abomination that it is.
After I get done babbling on about infections, feel free to posts any questions you have, concerns about your process, and reservations about drinking INFECTED beer. X_XThe pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
My number 1 offender: Bacteria!
I really hate these guys, because they're everywhere. Lactic acid producing bacteria live on a bunch of things (milk, grain, etc.). Barley is coated in them, so they're almost no escaping this stuff. Lactic acid producing bacteria (referred to as lacto from here out) can do really neat stuff in strictly controlled amounts and time in a weizen. They're unpleasant in pretty much every other beer. If you catch it early enough, and don't mind a little off flavor, you can still drink a beer that's caught some lacto infection.
The other big player in this category is acetic acid producing bacteria. These guys are what turns red wine into red wine vinegar. Unfortunately, they'll do the same for your beer. Sadly, if you have these guys in your beer, it's destined for the drain. There's little that you can do to fix a beer that's turned into malt vinegar.
There are a number of other bacteria that might make their way into your beer, but it's unlikely that you'd be able to identify them. These two are the most likely candidates for infections.
So how do I figure out if these guys got into my beer? Well, there are specific signs to look for. The dead giveaway is a pellicle. The pellicle is a 'skin' that is created by the bacteria in the presence of oxygen. it will look like a thin/thick film usually riddled with bubbles from the gaseous products of fermentation that happen under it. I'll post some sample pictures of pellicles in later posts. Another good indicator is the smell of the beer. Aceto infections will smell like vinegar, and often vomit. Take a taste if you have the stomach, but it'll probably taste just like it smells. Lacto infections, on the other hand, just smell a little tart. It's not the same as a sour milk smell, just a acidic sour smell that might be hard to pick up on. The third good indicator is cloudiness. These type of infections usually leave the beer looking very cloudy, even after several weeks.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
Number 2: Molds
These guys happen much less often, as most molds need a reasonably dry surface to grow on. The most likely beers to suffer from mold infections are those with fruit or oak in them (something floating on the surface). Keeping the floaties moistened will prevent the mold from being able to grow. So, just swirl the fermenter every other day and it shouldn't be an issue.
What if it's too late? Don't panic, you're beer is probably fine. You can almost always rack from under the yeast without the beer picking up any off flavors. If the mold is out of control and gets mixed into the beer, it may leave a moldy/dusty flavor and you'll need to dump it. It's not a flavor that most people can tolerate.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
Number 3: Wild yeasts/mutations
Wild yeast makes it into a fermenter every once in a long while. It's floating around in the air, after all. These type of infections are typically hard to identify, as they don't display the same signs as the previously mentioned ones. You usually don't find out there's anything wrong until you're already drinking the beer. These are typically identified by a subtle to prominent off flavor that neither fades, nor increases over time. It takes the palate of a more experienced brewer to determine that the flavor does not come from either the grain or hops used in the beer, but with a little help new brewer will be able to do the same.
Yeast mutations act much the same as a wild yeast. This is only an issue for people that reuse or wash yeasts, but could also be possible with using very old liquid yeast.
Occasionally these two types of yeasts can leave a beer cloudy even after a long clearing period or even cold crashing. You can differentiate this situation from a lacto/aceto infection because the yeasts won't leave much of an off flavor compared to the bacterial infections.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
Now how to deal with that infected mess you found?
Let's say that you've done a fair assessment and you're beer's definitely infected. Well, now you have three options:
The first option, and my least favorite, is to dump it. It's a waste of money, time, and effort, but sometimes there is just no saving a beer.
Option two is to go ahead and drink it quick before it gets any worse. Kegs are handy in this situation, but not absolutely necessary.
A third option that few people consider is experimentation. Take that infected beer, add a few more bugs (brett, lacto, ect.), some sugars (wort, brown sugar, sucrose, whatever), and give it some serious time. You might make it taste terrible but you might also come out with some very interesting beer.
Let's go into a little more detail about each option in another post or two.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
Dumpers:
Before you chuck all that time and money in the turlet, make sure it's really undrinkable.
If the off flavor you taste in the beer is too much for your poor little taste buds, go ahead and chuck it. Off flavors rarely fade out of truly infected beer, and they often get worse over time. Some times an aggressive dry hop can mask a little funk, but if it's a strong or easily identified flavor, it's just a waste of hops.
If it's aceto, dump it now! As mentioned above, there's no saving that batch.
If you don't have the space to keep it around or don't care much about the cost of the batch, go ahead and toss it.
If it terrifies you to think that you'll be drinking the product of some weird little contaminant, you've really chosen the wrong hobby, but go ahead and trash the batch if it makes you feel better.
BUT, before you tip your fermenter into the neighbors rose bushes, consider the next two options.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
DRINK! DRINK! DRINK!
And do it quickly, because most infections get worse over time. Keg it and crash cool while you carb, then drink it before the flavor starts to go further south. Having a few friends with dull taste buds would be a big help here.
You can* bottle an infected batch, but be keep in mind that some of these bugs will attenuate much further than any beer yeast. They have the ability to metabolize the long chain dextrins that are left behind by the beer yeast. This gives you a large potential for bottle bombs. You'll have to pay close attention to when it's properly carbed. As soon as it's carbed to the level you want, get those bottles cold; All of them! It's also a good idea to drink them sooner than later, as the bugs will continue to work at those sugars even at low temperatures, although much, much slower.
If you're lucky, once/if the beer clears, you'll be left with a beer that's only slightly more attenuated (think 1-2 points) and only has a bit of a strange taste to it. I've had this happen a few times, and the beer wasn't too bad at all. The wife even drank some and didn't complain about it. Don't expect this good of a result from an infection, but it is quite possible, especially if you catch one early on.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
Option number 3: make it worse!
This is your chance to try all that funky weird fermentation that you've always been curious about, but too afraid to try. The beer is already broke, so you can't make it more broke.
Toss in some 'wild' yeasts, dump in the dregs of some commercial soured beers, add some yogurt. Go crazy!
You'll need to add sugars (whichever kind you like) a few times over a period of 6 months to a year, so the wild bugs have something to help them make all that funk the belgians seem to be obsessed with. You can even mix this soured beer with your mash to make some really interesting/complex flavors without contaminating that beer.
Experiment, have fun, try something new and crazy. After all, why not?The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
This one really should have happened earlier, but it should also be common knowledge to a brewer.
Should you throw away all that infected gear? yes and no.
All the soft plastic bits (vinyl tubing and such) are really good at harboring nasties and they're really cheap to replace, so get rid of all that stuff or dedicate it to 'wild' beer from now on.
Bucket fermenters, glass carboys, and your various stainless stuff can all be saved. Bleach bomb whatever can't be boiled and boil the pants off anything that can. You might even want to try a few no chill (boiling wort directly into the fermenter (NOT GLASS!)) for a few batches after you bleach/boil.
The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
Now that you've decided what to do with that infected beer, it's time to find out where you caught that infection.
The usual suspects are: the fermenter, the yeast, or the racking/bottling equipment.
So you thought that you sanitized the fermenter? Well, maybe you did, but did you make sure that there weren't big scratches in there where bugs can hide? Do you have any beer stone built up? That's another place that can be a real pain to properly sanitize. You really need to get that stuff off before you can safely put a beer in there.
How old was that yeast you used? Did you boil the water/sanitize the container that you used to rehydrate it? If it was liquid yeast, did you use a starter? Were your sanitation practices good enough there? Is it washed yeast (this is the one that always gets me!) and maybe it's been sitting around for a while? Are you quite sure that your washed yeast is pure and untainted?
And, of course, the bottling/racking equipment. There are always a bunch of little hard to reach places for bugs to hide in these things. It's always a good idea to break it all down as far as it can go and do a really thorough sanitation (even bleach soak) on this stuff.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
That's probably enough chatter out of me. Man, I'm a windbag!
Let's see those pics already!
The first one is some infected bottle harvested yeast and the next two are all the pellicle that i got out of an all Brett B ale that I brewed. It's just a thin film because there wasn't enough contact with oxygen to get as nasty as some of the next ones.DSC00144.JPG2592 x 1944 - 1MDSC00360.JPG2592 x 1944 - 799KDSC00361.JPG2592 x 1944 - 750KThe pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
I think one of these was a brown ale that turned out tasting almost how it was supposed to. The off flavor ended up being fairly subtle.DSC00365.JPG2592 x 1944 - 982KDSC00370.JPG2592 x 1944 - 1MThe pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake
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He're some wort in infected with lacto, to be used in a soured beer.DSC00372.JPG2592 x 1944 - 1MDSC00373.JPG2592 x 1944 - 973KThe pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake
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This is some second runnings that I infected with some aceto. There are other bugs in there too, but the aceto is prominent in the aroma. :-&DSC00385.JPG2592 x 1944 - 1MDSC00386.JPG2592 x 1944 - 1MThe pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake
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Wow. Very nice write up Z! And the pics, Eww!"On it. I hate software." ~Cpt Snarklepants
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another prime source of infection is the fittings / valves / pumps / chillers in some of the more complex brew rigs. if you don't break all of that stuff down (and i am guilty of this) they WILL collect funk. I opened my pump housing once to find a pellicle that had covered the impeller. This was after running hot (180+ degree) PBW through the system, using the pump, for several (10-15) minutes after the prior brew session.
all of the hardware on the brew stand is subject to this type of situation, all of the ball valves, pipe fittings, tubes, everything.
FWIW, that's why sanitary fittings are recommended at the home brewing level and required at the professional level. They make the process of cleaning much more reasonable (faster) and effective. you can do it with the less expensive stuff, but you really need to disassemble everything after each brew day. it's labor intensive, but necessary. Also, larger diameter stuff is easier to clean than small diameter.The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
more pictures! :((
DSC00493.JPG2592 x 1944 - 1MDSC00494.JPG2592 x 1944 - 1MThe pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
0604132008-00.jpg640 x 480 - 30KThe pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake
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By the way I forgot about this thread an googled infections homebrew images and this thread came up. Your famous.
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The one makes me wanna cry. :-((
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jlw said:
By the way I forgot about this thread an googled infections homebrew images and this thread came up. Your famous.
wooo! but also, crap. :(The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
i like to be able to help folks, but i'd really rather not have the first hand experience.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake
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Oh and as soon as the google search came up with oh noes infectionI knew there was only one person on the internets that would write oh noes.
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jlw said:
Oh and as soon as the google search came up with oh noes infectionI knew there was only one person on the internets that would write oh noes.
HaThe only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
Lakewood got the SEO in the bag.Sign here______________________________
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A look into the barrel. I have my own little experiment going on.image.jpg3264 x 2448 - 1MSign here______________________________
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jeepinjeepin said:
A look into the barrel. I have my own little experiment going on.
What is that inside?The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
I'm really sloppy with sani but my rig is simple. The only thing post boil it the kettle a funnel and a carboy. I once got something from a hose with fish tank scum in it. Now I just dump it into the bottling bucket.
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Lakewood said:jeepinjeepin said:
A look into the barrel. I have my own little experiment going on.
What is that inside?
BeerSign here______________________________ -
jeepinjeepin said:Lakewood said:jeepinjeepin said:
A look into the barrel. I have my own little experiment going on.
What is that inside?
Beer
That's looks like mine -
jeepinjeepin said:Lakewood said:jeepinjeepin said:
A look into the barrel. I have my own little experiment going on.
What is that inside?
Beer
**==The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
Dr_Jerryrigger said:
I'm really sloppy with sani but my rig is simple. The only thing post boil it the kettle a funnel and a carboy. I once got something from a hose with fish tank scum in it. Now I just dump it into the bottling bucket.
W. T. F.
"On it. I hate software." ~Cpt Snarklepants -
C_B said:Dr_Jerryrigger said:
I'm really sloppy with sani but my rig is simple. The only thing post boil it the kettle a funnel and a carboy. I once got something from a hose with fish tank scum in it. Now I just dump it into the bottling bucket.
W. T. F.
I ran some sanstar though it, but only after noticed there was visible scum in it. -
Apple cider aroma. What infection causes an apple cider aroma that doesn't carry into the flavor?"On it. I hate software." ~Cpt Snarklepants
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C_B said:
Apple cider aroma. What infection causes an apple cider aroma that doesn't carry into the flavor?
none.when did you smell it?The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
FromZwolle said:C_B said:
Apple cider aroma. What infection causes an apple cider aroma that doesn't carry into the flavor?
none.when did you smell it?
Keg. I got a little cider/vinegar whiff when I kegged it. But just a little. Now that it's kegged and carbed and chilled, its a full on apple cider smell. Actually smells good. Not off putting at all."On it. I hate software." ~Cpt Snarklepants -
vinegar is caused by acetobacter. if that's what you have, it will show up in the flavor and it will be gross. you might leave a pint out for a few days with some foil over it and see if it turns into vinegar.
if it doesn't, you're probably not dealing with an infection. It might just be acetaldehyde. That's supposed to have a green apple flavor/aroma.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
I agree with this, but im also concerned that cb is the guy who couldn't taste a crazy mold infectionThe only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny
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Lakewood said:
I agree with this, but im also concerned that cb is the guy who couldn't taste a crazy mold infection
very true. since acetic acid (vinegar) is indeed an acid, you could measure the ph when you pour vs after sitting for a week to see if there is a drop. then you wouldn't have to go off taste.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
FromZwolle said:Lakewood said:
I agree with this, but im also concerned that cb is the guy who couldn't taste a crazy mold infection
very true. since acetic acid (vinegar) is indeed an acid, you could measure the ph when you pour vs after sitting for a week to see if there is a drop. then you wouldn't have to go off taste.
This seems like the better course of actionThe only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
He might have crappy acetaldehyde beer with an acetobacter infection...Sign here______________________________
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jeepinjeepin said:
He might have crappy acetaldehyde beer with an acetobacter infection...
Id take that over moldThe only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
Could this be related to a hotish ferment with S04 or S05? Ferm temp was 72-75"On it. I hate software." ~Cpt Snarklepants
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C_B said:
Could this be related to a hotish ferment with S04 or S05? Ferm temp was 72-75
easily. if it fades over time, chalk it up to a rapid ferment due to high temps. it if gets progressively worse, start investigating infection causes.The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
FromZwolle said:C_B said:
Could this be related to a hotish ferment with S04 or S05? Ferm temp was 72-75
easily. if it fades over time, chalk it up to a rapid ferment due to high temps. it if gets progressively worse, start investigating infection causes.
This was brewed Memorial Day weekend.
"On it. I hate software." ~Cpt Snarklepants -
in that case, it may not fade any more (if it was a fermentation by-product).The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake
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Send me a bottle and I'll tell you what's up.The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny
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Or send it to @mors that dude has credentials.The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny
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Hard to say what it could be. apple and vinegar are two very distinctly different aromas and flavors. What kind of beer is this and what yeast did you use? English strains of yeast in particular throw off apple esters (ethyl caprylate). If this is the case it's not really an off flavor as much as perhaps a flavor you don't care for? If it's kind of candy apple/lawn clippings then I would say acetaldehyde.BJCP A0936 National Beer Judge and Mead Judge
Cicerone Certified Beer Server
AHA Member
CRAFT Homebrew Club
Sons of Liberty Homebrew Club
HBT "mors" -
Pumpkin guts is another good descriptor for acetaldehyde.BJCP A0936 National Beer Judge and Mead Judge
Cicerone Certified Beer Server
AHA Member
CRAFT Homebrew Club
Sons of Liberty Homebrew Club
HBT "mors" -
mors said:
Pumpkin guts is another good descriptor for acetaldehyde.
Ive never heard that description before....The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
Lakewood said:mors said:
Pumpkin guts is another good descriptor for acetaldehyde.
Ive never heard that description before....
haha. Well when you're cutting pumpkins this fall.. stick your nose in there and give it a good whiff. I bet you will find you're not hard pressed to say 'green apple' / law clippings is something you get out of it. Of course these things that smell like acetaldehyde smell like that because they actually have acetaldehyde in them. The it smells like X should really probably be "the smell reminds me of X" Since pumpkins don't just smell like acetaldehyde... They have plenty of other aromas as well... but acetaldehyde is one of those components.BJCP A0936 National Beer Judge and Mead Judge
Cicerone Certified Beer Server
AHA Member
CRAFT Homebrew Club
Sons of Liberty Homebrew Club
HBT "mors" -
mors said:Lakewood said:mors said:
Pumpkin guts is another good descriptor for acetaldehyde.
Ive never heard that description before....
haha. Well when you're cutting pumpkins this fall.. stick your nose in there and give it a good whiff. I bet you will find you're not hard pressed to say 'green apple' / law clippings is something you get out of it. Of course these things that smell like acetaldehyde smell like that because they actually have acetaldehyde in them. The it smells like X should really probably be "the smell reminds me of X" Since pumpkins don't just smell like acetaldehyde... They have plenty of other aromas as well... but acetaldehyde is one of those components.
Yeah, im going to give it a whiff tomorrow. Ive never notice acetyl aromas from a pumpkin before but ill look for it.The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
I know I don't like the smell of raw pumpkin. I think I recall grass clippings, but not green apple. @mors, since it's pumpkin time, will you give us a quick rundown of prominent pumpkin odors?Sign here______________________________
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haha I have no clue on that one. I'm not big on pumpkins. Acetaldehyde just always reminds of of raw pumpkin guts. bleh.
I'm not a fan of pumpkin beers... but I do plan on making a pumpkin beer this year... Albeit a sour pumpkin beer sans spices.BJCP A0936 National Beer Judge and Mead Judge
Cicerone Certified Beer Server
AHA Member
CRAFT Homebrew Club
Sons of Liberty Homebrew Club
HBT "mors" -
Ive never found that pumpkin has enough body or flavor to really do much on its own. I like pumpkin spicing stuff though.The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny
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Lakewood said:
Ive never found that pumpkin has enough body or flavor to really do much on its own. I like pumpkin spicing stuff though.
i hate both. (~~)The pinnacle of lame and awesome in one singular moment. -Lake -
FromZwolle said:Lakewood said:
Ive never found that pumpkin has enough body or flavor to really do much on its own. I like pumpkin spicing stuff though.
i hate both. (~~)
8-|The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
I like subtle pumpkin beers. Had Pumking for the first time last weekend. Not subtle.Sign here______________________________
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jeepinjeepin said:
I like subtle pumpkin beers. Had Pumking for the first time last weekend. Not subtle.
I need to get some punkin beer for tonight. Going over to a friends house for a little carving partyThe only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny -
I dont like subtle beers.The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny
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Im not really fond of subtle anything.The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny
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Sign here______________________________
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The only thing between me and a train wreck is blind luck..... - Kenny
OH NOES! INFECTION!